Hindustan Zinc Ltd has been included in the Dow Jones Best-in-Class (DJBIC) Index for Emerging Markets for the first time, following the latest index rebalance announced by S&P Dow Jones Indices. The inclusion highlights the company’s strong environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and positions it among leading global metals and mining companies committed to sustainable and responsible business practices.

Previously known as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, the DJBIC Index tracks companies that demonstrate long-term excellence across economic, environmental, and social parameters, making it a key benchmark for sustainability-focused investors worldwide.

Recognition for Responsible Mining Leadership

Arun Misra, CEO, Hindustan Zinc, said the recognition reflects the evolving role of the mining and metals sector in shaping sustainable economies and resilient global supply chains. “At Hindustan Zinc, we believe the next era of mining will be defined not just by scale but by responsibility, transparency, and global relevance,” Misra said. “Sustainability is not an aspiration for us; it forms the foundation of our future-ready business strategy,” Misra added. He further emphasized that the company remains committed to setting new benchmarks in responsible metal production while positioning India as a global leader in sustainably produced metals.

Strengthening India’s Presence in Global ESG Rankings

With this achievement, Hindustan Zinc joins Vedanta Limited as one of the only Indian companies representing the metals and mining sector in the Emerging Markets Index. The recognition also reinforces Hindustan Zinc’s growing global ESG credentials. Recently, S&P Global named the company the World’s Most Sustainable Company in the Metals & Mining category. In addition, Hindustan Zinc became the first Indian mining company to join the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM).

Advancing Sustainability and Net-Zero Goals

Hindustan Zinc continues to strengthen its sustainability initiatives through innovative products and resource-efficiency programs. The company recently launched EcoZen, a low-carbon zinc brand designed to support industries transitioning toward greener supply chains. Furthermore, the company achieved a 3.32-times water-positive certification, demonstrating its commitment to water conservation and responsible resource management. As part of its long-term climate strategy, Hindustan Zinc has also established a roadmap to achieve Net Zero emissions by 2050.

Driving Sustainable Growth in Metals and Mining

The inclusion in the Dow Jones Best-in-Class Index further validates Hindustan Zinc’s focus on sustainable governance, responsible production, and ESG-driven growth. As global industries increasingly prioritize low-carbon and responsibly sourced materials, the company aims to play a critical role in supporting the transition toward a more resource-efficient and sustainable future.

FMC Corporation signed a definitive agreement to divest its India commercial business, FMC India Private Limited, to Crystal Crop Protection Limited for $252 million, subject to customary adjustments for cash, debt, and working capital. The strategic transaction marks FMC’s shift toward a new go-to-market approach in India while allowing the company to focus resources on
high-growth global opportunities. The deal is expected to close by the end of 2026, pending regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions.

FMC to Focus on Global Growth and Debt Reduction

FMC stated that it will continue to receive cash generated from the India business until the transaction closes, primarily through the monetization of working capital. Additionally, the company plans to use all proceeds from the sale to reduce debt and strengthen its balance sheet.

The divestment follows FMC’s announcement in July 2025 regarding its decision to restructure its India crop protection commercial operations. Despite the sale, FMC emphasized that India will remain strategically important to its global operations. According to Pierre Brondeau, FMC chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, the company remains committed to India through continued research, development, and manufacturing activities.

“Crystal Crop Protection Limited is well-positioned to serve Indian farmers with FMC’s portfolio of innovative technologies, and we look forward to supporting their growth through our supply agreement,” Brondeau said.

Crystal Crop Protection to Expand Market Presence

Crystal Crop Protection Limited will acquire FMC India’s crop protection commercial operations, including licenses for FMC’s brands sold in the Indian market. In addition, the deal provides Crystal with a preferred supply agreement for selected FMC active ingredients and formulated products. The company will also gain preferred access to FMC’s future crop protection pipeline in India. The acquisition is expected to strengthen Crystal Crop Protection’s position in the Indian agrochemical sector while expanding access to advanced crop protection technologies for Indian farmers.

Strengthening Innovation in Crop Protection

Ankur Aggarwal, Chairman and Managing Director, Crystal Crop Protection Limited said the acquisition aligns with Crystal’s long-term strategy to accelerate innovation across both chemical and biological crop protection segments.

“We are excited to sign this definitive agreement to acquire FMC’s business in India,” Aggarwal said. “FMC’s innovative portfolio, blockbuster brands, and future pipeline will help us deliver advanced crop protection solutions to Indian farmers while strengthening our collaboration with FMC,” Aggarwal added. He further added that Crystal looks forward to integrating FMC India’s workforce into the organization and expanding its innovation capabilities across the agricultural value chain.

Strategic Shift in India’s Agrochemical Market

The transaction reflects ongoing consolidation and strategic realignment within India’s fast-growing agrochemical and crop protection market. By combining FMC India’s established portfolio with Crystal Crop Protection’s domestic market reach, the deal is expected to create new opportunities for technology adoption, product expansion, and farmer engagement across the country. As per the press release, at the same time, FMC will continu/e to leverage India as a hub for global manufacturing and R&D operations while pursuing higher-growth opportunities worldwide.

Aduro Clean Technologies appointed Scott Smith as Program Director, Petroleum Technology Solutions, strengthening the company’s efforts to expand petroleum applications for its proprietary Hydrochemolytic™ Technology (HCT). The appointment comes as Aduro broadens the application of HCT beyond bitumen upgrading to include paraffinic and waxy crude oils, marking a significant milestone in the company’s petroleum technology development strategy.

Strengthening Petroleum Technology Development

With more than 25 years of experience in industrial and energy technology development, Smith brings extensive expertise in scaling innovative processes from laboratory research to pilot and demonstration stages. He spent 17 years at Cenovus Energy, where he most recently served as Senior Manager, Operations Innovation, leading enterprise-wide innovation initiatives across upstream and downstream operations.

In addition, Smith has worked on partial upgrading technologies, pilot programs, and commercial evaluations of emerging energy processes. Earlier in his career, he held process development roles at NOVA Chemicals focused on petrochemical applications. He is also Vice President of the Canadian Crude Quality Technical Association and a registered Professional Engineer in Alberta.

Expanding HCT Applications Beyond Bitumen

Aduro recently completed research and development activities that demonstrated the applicability of HCT to paraffinic and waxy crude oils. These advancements support the company’s continuation-in-part (CIP) patent application and significantly expand its petroleum applications portfolio beyond its traditional focus on bitumen upgrading. The company stated that recent technical work included feedstock characterization, product analysis, and third-party testing, all of which validated the broader potential of HCT in petroleum processing applications.

Focus on Pilot Programs and Scale-Up

Smith will lead the development of HCT applications for paraffinic crude and bitumen upgrading. He will also help define integration pathways for implementing the technology within existing petroleum production and refining infrastructure. Working closely with Eric Appelman and Aduro’s research and engineering teams, Smith will oversee pilot campaigns designed to support localized scale-up and future demonstration activities. His responsibilities will include collaborating with producers, refiners, and midstream operators to evaluate how HCT can align with evolving operational and market requirements across the petroleum value chain.

Supporting Broader Commercialization Efforts

Aduro continues to advance multiple strategic programs alongside its petroleum technology initiatives. These include chemical recycling of waste plastics, scale-up of the Next Generation Process (NGP) Pilot Plant, and development of its First-of-a-Kind (FOAK) Industrial Facility.

According to Ofer Vicus, Smith’s expertise will support the company’s transition from process evaluation to structured pilot programs and eventual commercial integration. “Scott brings a combination of technical depth and industry experience that is directly aligned with the next phase of our petroleum applications,” Vicus said. “His experience in heavy oil upgrading and leading multidisciplinary development programs will help accelerate pilot execution and commercialization efforts.”

Industry Potential for Hydrochemolytic™ Technology

Smith said Hydrochemolytic™ Technology offers a differentiated approach to upgrading petroleum streams through lower-temperature operations and selective chemistry that preserves desirable product qualities. He added that the next phase will focus on generating pilot-scale data, validating performance under industrial operating conditions, and identifying deployment pathways that can integrate with existing petroleum infrastructure. As per the press release, through these efforts, Aduro aims to accelerate commercialization planning while expanding market opportunities for HCT across the global petroleum industry.

In a major boost to India’s clean energy and battery recycling sector, LICO Materials Private Limited has received an eligibility grant from the Ministry of Mines under the Incentive Scheme for Promotion of critical mineral recycling, a key initiative of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM).

The grant was issued through Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARDDC), the government-appointed project management agency for the scheme. LICO is among fifty-eight companies selected nationwide to support India’s domestic urban mining and critical mineral recovery capabilities.

Major Investment Planned for Battery Mineral Recovery

LICO has committed an investment of approximately ₹240 crore toward building an integrated critical mineral recovery ecosystem. Under the scheme, the company qualifies for:

*A 20% Capital Expenditure (CapEx) subsidy

*A multi-year Operational Expenditure (OpEx) subsidy linked to incremental commercial sales through FY 2030–31

The support positions LICO among the larger projects approved within the battery recycling and critical minerals segment.

Government Recognises Advanced Extraction Capabilities

The company was selected from hundreds of applicants, reflecting its strong technical expertise in battery chemistry, hydrometallurgy, and critical mineral extraction technologies. The NCMM scheme only supports companies capable of carrying out actual chemical extraction of critical minerals. Firms involved solely in collection, dismantling, or shredding operations are not eligible for incentives. LICO’s selection therefore highlights the government’s confidence in the company’s ability to contribute meaningfully to India’s strategic minerals supply chain.

Gaurav Dolwani, CEO of LICO Materials Private Limited, said, “The recognition by the ministry of mines and NCMM validates the ecosystem we are building in Karnataka. We are not just recycling batteries but producing battery-grade lithium, nickel, and cobalt in India from end-of-life batteries for India’s cell and battery manufacturers. As global mineral supply chains face geopolitical disruptions, domestic recovery of critical minerals becomes increasingly important.”

Focus on Battery-Grade Lithium, Nickel and Cobalt

LICO plans to recover critical battery materials from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries that India currently depends on imports for, particularly from China. The company will process multiple battery chemistries including LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate), LCO (Lithium Cobalt Oxide) and NMC
(Nickel Manganese Cobalt). The approved project aims to recover lithium, nickel, and cobalt at 99% battery-grade purity, enabling these materials to be reused in India’s growing battery and electric vehicle manufacturing ecosystem.

Karnataka Expansion to Boost Domestic Recycling Capacity

The project has been classified as a brownfield expansion and will build upon LICO’s existing 25,000 tons per annum (TPA) upstream mechanical processing capacity. As part of the expansion, the company will add 10,000 TPA hydrometallurgical extraction capacity through two adjacent facilities located in Karnataka under the KIADB industrial zone.

The planned facilities will include:

A dedicated battery shredding and classification plant

A specialised hydrometallurgical extraction facility for critical mineral recovery

The expansion is expected to significantly strengthen India’s domestic capability in battery recycling and urban mining.

Reducing Dependence on Global Supply Chains

Currently, much of India’s battery critical mineral supply chain depends heavily on East Asia, particularly China, which dominates global processing of lithium, cobalt, and graphite. However, rising geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions have increased concerns over long-term mineral security. As a result, domestic recycling-led production is emerging as a strategic industrial priority for India. The NCMM scheme, backed by a ₹1,500 crore national outlay, aims to increase India’s battery recycling capacity from nearly 100,000 TPA to 400,000 TPA by 2030. As per the press release, LICO’s proposed 10,000 TPA hydrometallurgical expansion represents a significant contribution toward achieving this national target while supporting India’s clean energy transition and circular economy ambitions.

MathWorks, a global player in mathematical computing software for engineered systems, successfully concluded MATLAB EXPO 2026 India in Bengaluru. The one-day technology conference brought together more than 1,300 engineers, scientists, researchers, and industry leaders to explore how generative AI, engineering copilots, agentic AI, and Model-Based Design are transforming modern engineering workflows and product development. The event focused on the practical implementation of AI-assisted engineering, highlighting how industries are moving beyond experimentation towards production-scale deployment.

AI-Powered Engineering Takes Centre Stage

At the conference, experts discussed how AI copilots, agentic automation, and digital engineering platforms are accelerating innovation while maintaining engineering rigor, validation, traceability, and safety standards.

Technical sessions covered a wide range of emerging technologies, including:

*AI-assisted engineering workflows

*Agentic AI and automation

*Virtual vehicle development

*Automated driving technologies

*Drone and maritime systems

*Electrification and EV technologies

*Wireless communication and radar systems

The discussions demonstrated how organisations are integrating AI-driven tools into real-world engineering environments to shorten development cycles and improve decision-making.

Industry Leaders Shared Real-World Engineering Applications

Engineering experts and researchers from organisations such as Boeing, Mercedes-Benz Research and Development India, Tata Consultancy Services, Indian Institute of Science, and NXP Semiconductors presented case studies addressing complex engineering challenges across sectors including automotive, aerospace and defence, industrial automation, communications, consumer electronics, semiconductors and medical devices. Attendees also experienced live demonstrations showcasing how MATLAB® and Simulink® support digital twins, embedded AI, AI-assisted development, and certification-ready engineering workflows.

Focus on Trusted and Production-Scale AI

Sunil Motwani, Country Manager, Sales and Service at MathWorks India, said, “This year’s MATLAB EXPO reflected growing industry interest in applying GenAI, copilots, and agentic AI to engineering workflows in ways that improve productivity while preserving validation, traceability, and safety. Organisations are now moving beyond experimentation and evaluating how these technologies can deliver measurable value in real engineering environments.”

Keynote Sessions Highlighted AI-Led Engineering Transformation

One of the major highlights of the event was a series of keynote sessions led by global technology and engineering experts. Generative AI leaders Seth Deland and Avinash Nehemiah discussed how AI capabilities within MATLAB and Simulink are helping engineering teams accelerate product design, improve simulation-driven decisions, and transition more efficiently from concept to deployable systems.

Savyasachi Srinivas from Collins Aerospace explained how digital engineering and AI-enabled knowledge systems are streamlining the journey from concept to certification. He also highlighted the growing use of digital twins and AI applications in cockpit and cabin systems.

In addition, a panel discussion featuring leaders from Tata Consultancy Services, HSBC, Boeing, Mercedes-Benz Research and Development India, and Indian Institute of Science examined how AI copilots and autonomous agents are reshaping engineering workflows. The panel also discussed critical topics such as AI verification, governance, human oversight, and the evolving role of engineers in supervising increasingly automated systems.

AI Copilots Driving the Future of Engineering

A key takeaway from MATLAB EXPO 2026 India was the growing shift from AI experimentation to practical deployment. As per the press release, across sessions and demonstrations, industry leaders highlighted how AI copilots, digital twins, embedded AI, and agentic automation are enabling engineering teams to accelerate design, verification, and deployment while ensuring engineers remain actively involved in oversight and decision-making processes.

CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) is set to organise a specialised reaction-focused training programme on May 20–21, 2026, aimed at helping the chemical industry transition hazardous batch chemistry processes into safer and more efficient continuous processing systems. The two-day programme will focus on continuous nitration and Grignard reactions—two highly important yet challenging chemical processes widely used across the pharmaceutical, specialty chemical, and fine chemical industries.

Focus on Safer and Efficient Continuous Processing

As the chemical industry increasingly adopts advanced manufacturing technologies, CSIR-NCL is encouraging companies to nominate technical teams, process engineers, R&D professionals, and production specialists for the training programme. The workshop will provide participants with both theoretical understanding and practical insights into converting conventional batch reactions into continuous flow processes. The programme aims to enhance process safety, operational efficiency, scalability, and product quality.

Key Topics to be Covered

The training sessions will cover the fundamentals and industrial relevance of nitration and Grignard reactions, along with the scientific rationale for shifting these reactions to continuous flow systems.

Key technical areas include:

*Reaction engineering, including kinetics, reaction networks, and impurity control

*Heat and mass transfer in multiphase systems

*Exotherm management and inherently safer process design

*Batch-to-flow transition strategies

*Process scale-up frameworks

*Reactor design and process integration

*Clogging mitigation techniques in flow chemistry systems

In addition, experts will present detailed industrial case studies across multiple production scales to demonstrate practical implementation strategies and operational challenges.

Special Focus on Moisture-Sensitive Grignard Reactions

The programme will place particular emphasis on Grignard reactions, which require stringent moisture control and careful process management due to their highly sensitive nature. Participants will gain insights into designing robust continuous flow systems capable of handling moisture-sensitive chemistries while improving safety and reproducibility.

Supporting Innovation in the Chemical Industry

Through the initiative, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory aims to support the chemical industry’s transition towards modern, safer, and sustainable manufacturing technologies. The training programme is expected to benefit professionals working in process development, reaction engineering, scale-up, specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and continuous manufacturing operations.

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL), a Fortune Global 500 company and Maharatna PSU, reaffirmed its commitment to the Mozambique LNG project, highlighting the strategic importance of diversified global energy sources in strengthening long-term energy security. The company stated that the project remains a key component of its global energy portfolio strategy and aligns with India’s vision of transitioning towards a gas-based economy.

BPCL Holds Strategic Stake in Mozambique LNG Project

BPCL, through the step-down subsidiary of its wholly owned arm Bharat PetroResources Limited (BPRL), holds a 10% participating interest in the Offshore Area 1 Concession in Mozambique. The concession is operated by TotalEnergies. Other Indian consortium partners in the project include ONGC Videsh Limited and Oil India Limited.

Project Progresses After Force Majeure Lifted

Following the lifting of force majeure in November 2025, the Mozambique LNG project has witnessed rapid remobilisation of equipment, manpower, and on-site operations. Currently, more than 6,000 personnel are deployed at the project site, while overall project execution has reached approximately 42% completion. BPCL stated that the development remains on track as per the planned execution schedule. With an estimated investment of nearly $20 billion, the Mozambique LNG project is expected to significantly enhance global LNG supply capacity and contribute to
long-term energy security.

Focus on Diversified Energy Supply Amid Global Volatility

The progress of the project comes at a crucial time when global energy markets continue to face uncertainty due to geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and production constraints across key energy-producing regions. Recent global developments have disrupted critical energy corridors and impacted hydrocarbon supplies, thereby increasing the need for diversified and resilient energy sourcing strategies. In this context, the resumption of activities at the Mozambique LNG project assumes strategic importance as countries and energy companies seek to reduce dependence on traditional energy hubs and secure stable LNG supplies.

Supporting India’s Gas-Based Economy Vision

BPCL emphasised that the Mozambique LNG project aligns with its long-term strategy of diversifying its energy portfolio while supporting India’s growing natural gas demand. V. R. K. Gupta, Director (Finance), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, said, “Diversification of supply sources and strengthening of global partnerships remain central to BPCL’s long-term strategy, aligned with India’s vision of transitioning towards a gas-based economy.”

BPCL Continues Collaboration with Global Partners

BPCL, through BPRL, reiterated its commitment to working closely with international consortium partners to ensure the successful execution of the world-scale LNG project. As per the press release, once operational, the Mozambique LNG project is expected to play a vital role in enhancing global LNG availability while also supporting India’s expanding energy requirements and long-term energy security objectives.

SK Minerals & Additives Limited, manufacturer of feed, food, and flame-retardant additives, along with specialty chemical solutions, has announced a significant expansion of its production capacity at its Khanna facility near Ludhiana. To support its next phase of growth, the company has acquired an additional ten acres of land. The expansion will primarily focus on scaling up flame retardant and polymer compounding products, driven by increasing demand from both domestic and global markets.

Expansion to Strengthen Advanced Materials Portfolio

The company is witnessing growing demand for advanced fire safety materials across multiple industries. As a result, SK Minerals & Additives aims to enhance its manufacturing capabilities and strengthen its position in the high-performance flame-retardant solutions segment.

Mohit Jindal, Chairman and Managing Director of SK Minerals & Additives Limited, said, “Indian OEMs across sectors such as electrical appliances, cables & wires, plastics, automotive, and electric vehicles are increasingly facing challenges in accessing advanced materials and technical expertise required to meet evolving global safety and regulatory standards. Our vision is to position India as a global hub for advanced and sustainable fire safety solutions.”

Rising Demand for Halogen-Free Flame Retardants

The demand for next-generation Halogen-Free Flame Retardant (HFFR) solutions is expanding rapidly across industries including cables and wires, electrical appliances, electronics, composites, and fibers.

According to industry estimates, the global flame retardants market is currently valued at over USD 8–9 billion and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6–7% over the next five years. Meanwhile, the HFFR segment is expected to grow even faster at around 8–10% CAGR, supported by stringent environmental regulations and increasing preference for non-toxic, low-smoke materials worldwide. With the planned expansion, SK Minerals & Additives is strategically positioned to capitalise on this growing market opportunity.

Focus on Technology, Compliance and Sustainability

The company aims to evolve into a technology-driven partner for OEMs by helping manufacturers meet global compliance standards while improving product safety, performance, and sustainability.

Jindal added, “We are witnessing strong interest from industry stakeholders as fire safety gains increasing importance across sectors. This encouragement reinforces our commitment to scale up capabilities and deepen our technical engagement with customers.”

Dedicated R&D Facility to Support Innovation

As part of the expansion strategy, the company will establish a dedicated research and development facility focused on advanced fire safety technologies. The new R&D centre will help Indian manufacturers comply with stringent international regulations, particularly in the US and European markets. Driven by innovation, SK Minerals & Additives is also developing advanced technologies aimed at reducing India’s dependence on imports while strengthening domestic capabilities in high-performance flame-retardant materials and specialty chemical solutions.

Coromandel International Limited, one of India’s leading agri-solutions providers, announced its financial results for the quarter and full year ended March 31, 2026. The company continued to strengthen its leadership across fertilisers, crop protection, bio-products, specialty nutrients, organic fertilisers, and agri-retail, while also expanding its footprint in agri-drone spraying and digital farming initiatives aimed at improving sustainability and farm productivity.

Nutrient Business Delivers Stable Growth

During FY26, the company’s Nutrient business operated its manufacturing plants at full capacity and efficiently managed raw material sourcing despite global supply disruptions and price volatility. As a result, Coromandel ensured timely fertiliser availability to farmers across key markets.

Further strengthening its backward integration capabilities, the company successfully commissioned a 2,000 tons per day (TPD) Sulphuric Acid plant and a 650 TPD Phosphoric Acid plant at Kakinada during Q4 FY26. With a total investment of around ₹1,100 crore, these projects are expected to enhance supply security and support India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat mission in the fertiliser sector.

In addition, the company’s rock phosphate project in Senegal ramped up production during the year, thereby securing raw material supplies for the newly commissioned phosphoric acid facility. Coromandel also confirmed that the fertiliser granulation capacity expansion project at Kakinada is progressing as planned and is expected to be completed by Q4 FY26-27.

Crop Protection Business Registers Strong Momentum

The company’s crop protection segment continued to perform strongly in both domestic and international markets. Growth was driven by sustained demand for key technical molecules, improved export volumes, and the launch of new products in India. To support future expansion, Coromandel is currently implementing multiple projects for key technical molecules that will enhance manufacturing capabilities and strengthen its long-term growth pipeline.

NACL Industries Achieves Turnaround

Coromandel’s subsidiary, NACL Industries Ltd, reported a successful turnaround during FY26. The company achieved a 28% increase in revenue and returned to profitability, supported by focused operational improvements and enhanced business efficiencies.

Agri Retail Network Expands Rapidly

As per the press release, the company’s agri-retail business continued its aggressive expansion strategy. During FY26, Coromandel expanded its retail network to 1,200 centres by adding more than 300 new stores across existing and new geographies, further strengthening farmer outreach and service capabilities. S. Sankarasubramanian, Managing Director and CEO of Coromandel International Limited, said, “Coromandel’s Nutrient business delivered a steady performance in FY26 despite operating in a dynamic environment marked by supply disruptions, volatile raw material prices, and sharp currency fluctuations. During the year, the company strengthened its position in the phosphatic fertiliser segment by registering 7% growth and achieving sales of 4.3 million tonnes, supported by strong farmer engagement and expansion into new markets. Our Crop Protection business also delivered strong momentum, recording 16% revenue growth and a 55% increase in profitability. This performance was driven by healthy demand for key molecules, improved export offtake, and successful new product introductions in domestic markets. In addition, our subsidiary NACL Industries achieved a successful turnaround during the year, while our Agri Retail business significantly expanded its national footprint.”