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Poddar Pigments Limited a leading Masterbatch manufacturing company with operations at Jaipur is setting up a new state of the art manufacturing facility near Jaipur for production of Masterbatches. The Company is looking for :
Desired Qualification – BE/ B. Tech / PGD-PPT CIPET
Desired Experience – 15- 20 years in compounding/ Masterbatch industry as Unit Head/ Production Head.
Job Profile: Overall responsibility for Production, Quality Assurance and Plant Maintenance, taking care of all plant activities and leading the entire team for effective execution, implementation of GMP and all safety practices, responsible for overall operational performance and inventory control for RM & FG. Manpower planning and handling, implementation of SAP/ ERP, implementation of various standards like ISO, visit to supplier and customers as and when required.
Desired Qualification-BE/ B. Tech (Mechanical! Electrical)
Desired Experience -8-10 years experience of utility operations and maintenance of electrical and mechanical equipment of continuous process industries preferably in polymer compounding/ masterbatch/ extrusion line.
Job profile: Overall responsibility for Plant maintenance (electrical/ mechanical/ instrumentation),managing all utility operations- Chiller, DG sets, Air Compressors, Cooling Towers, DM plant, effective manpower planning and handling, energy monitoring and optimizing power consumption, implementation of various standards like ISO, inventory management of stores & spares.
The candidate must have overall knowledge of commercial activities including administration of manufacturing industry , statutory compliance including labour law factories Act & GST law , Logistics , accounts , finance , stores management , fund planning & management Minimum qualification of CA/CFA /MBA with minimum post qualification work experience of 15 – 20 Years . Preference will be given to a candidate having CA qualification .The candidate should be aged between 40-50 years.
The candidate must have excellent technical knowledge in civil engineering field. Competent to monitor & track project progress. Preference will be given to a candidate having work experience of construction & structure in set up of new plant as well as post maintenance / modification/ construction in the manufacturing industries. The candidate must be having minimum qualification of B. Tech !B.E. – Civil with Minimum post qualification work experience of 5 Years . The candidate must have exposure with 2D & 3D detailing software viz. Auto CAD, Tekla etc. and expert knowledge in preparation of engineering designs , studying reports/ maps/ drawings/ blueprints/ aerial photographs and tests on soil composition, terrain, hydrological characteristics, and related topographical and geologic data .
Candidate must be CA having vast experience of minimum 10-12 years work exposure in manufacturing industry including new Project set up activities. The candidate should be aged between 30-40 years.The candidate must have exposure of Overall Commercial responsibility viz.,Accounts,fund management , HR, Industrial Relation, Administration,Transportation, Logistics ,Stores & inventory management , dealing with external stake holders such as Govt authorities etc.
Salary-Best in the industry
Interested persons can send their profile with position applied to admin@poddarpigmentsltd.com mentioning Present & expected C
Organosilicon compounds are in demand because of their ability to withstand incredible thermal and mechanical stress which makes these silicones useful in sealing and protecting many items in aircraft and rocket construction and other applications in medicine, food industry. Scientists still believe that their usability has not been fully realized due to one of the central problems in the modern chemistry of silicones, namely, the synthesis of organosilicon products with a “polar” (-C(O)OH, -OH, -NH2, etc.) functional group in an organic substituent.
Such a moiety allows the easy introduction of other substituents, and the ability to tune the compound to repel water or to form stable aqueous emulsions, and to impart other “super-capabilities” to a material. This opens quite unique prospects for subsequent modification of these compounds in order to synthesize new copolymers, self-healing and conductive materials, and compounds for storage and delivery of drugs and fuels. Just a small modification of a compound would also allow one to solve the problem of low mechanical strength and incompatibility of silicones with polymers, such as polyesters and others.
A team of scientists from A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS), in collaboration with colleagues from the Russian Federation, used a combination of metallic and organic catalysts to solve these problems. The reaction conditions were softened and high process selectivity was achieved. The reaction involved molecular oxygen in liquid phase at temperatures slightly above the room temperature. The method can be scaled to gram amounts in order to produce a required compound.
Researchers from the Department of Chemistry of University of Tokyo’s Graduate School of Science have created a novel molecular nanotube which could lead to new nanocarbon based semi conductor applications. Professor Hiroyuki Isobe wanted a single type of nanotube, a novel form with controlled defects within its nanometer-sized cylindrical structure allowing for additional molecules to add properties and functions different from carbon nanotubes which vary in length and diameter.
The synthesis involves combining six benzenes to make a larger hexagonal ring called a cyclo-meta-phenylene (CMP). Four CMPs form an open ended tube using Platinum atoms. When the platinum is removed, the tube springs into a thick circle and this is furnished with bridging molecules on both ends, enabling the tube shape. This complex process successfully bonds the benzenes in the right way 90% of the times. The key also lies in the symmetry of the molecule, which simplifies the process of assembling as many as 40 benzenes. These benzenes, also called phenines, are used as panels to form the nanometer-sized cylinder. The result is a novel nanotube structure with intentional periodic defects. Theoretical investigations show these defects imbue the nanotube with semiconductor characters.
A pilot installation of a metallurgical furnace capable of processing iron containing industrial waste and solid waste has been fired up at Mtsensk, Russia. The reactor can produce iron and non-ferrous metals, process industrial waste, slags and sludge, municipal solid waste. The technology involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon or helium through a liquid to separate dissolved gases like oxygen from the liquid.
The energy costs with this technology are 20% to 30% lower than other processing systems. The developers claim that energy costs can be limited to 500 kg of coal and 500 nm3 of oxygen per ton of cast iron. Different slag chemistries can be accommodated in the processing scheme to manufacture slag stone or cement clinker.
A storage system for hydrogen fuel cell technology can now be a reality. An international research team has synthesized a manganese hydride molecular sieve from inexpensive precursors using a materials-based approach. The storage system demonstrates a reversible excess adsorption performance of 10.5 wt% and 197 kg hydrogen/m3 at 120 bar at ambient temperature with no loss of activity after 54 cycles.
The manganese hydride material is able to minimize and even eliminate external heat management requirements, acting as its own intrinsic Nanoscale heat sink. The total energy storage costs for the molecular sieve are estimated to be about five times less than those for 700 bar tanks.
The storage device’s design and performance are expected to meet or surpass the U.S. Department of Energy’s system targets of 6.5 wt% and 50 kg hydrogen/m3 for 5 kg of hydrogen, the fuel volume required to sustain a 500 km driving range in a fuel cell vehicle.
Hydraulic fracturing involves forcing open fissures in rocks deep in the earth by introducing high-pressure liquid and other components, including sand and chemicals, to extract oil or gas creating liquid filled cracks. A community of highly interactive microbes – bacteria and viruses, thrive in these crevices and have the ability to produce methane. For the first time, scientists at the Ohio State University are leading a study to understand how these microbes make a living in the briny, high –pressure and high temperature conditions. They are studying 40 samples of the liquid from 5 different fracking wells and conducting their genome analysis. The researchers added a compound called glycine betaine to the samples and tracked gas release over time, confirming that, when prompted, the microbes produced methane. They are keen to know what these organisms can do—to grasp their genomic potential and metabolic interactions—and figure out what impact that might have on the ecosystem.
Researchers opine that the findings of the study will aid the industry to know of potential problems these organisms could pose, if they could prove corrosive, toxic, or otherwise problematic. It will aid researchers to understand life on other planets like Mars, if it existed, due to the similar conditions. Furthermore, the microbes found in the fracking mines have parallels with microbes found in other protein-rich ecosystems, including human gut and soil. They can aid in knowing how plaque forms in our arteries.
The alkali metal sodium is so full of contradictions. Yes, it’s a metal. But, it’s one of those soft ones, about as soft as chilled butter, that can be sliced with a knife. Let it combine with chlorine, however, and it forms sodium chloride or common salt, a hard, crystalline compound. Moreover, unlike most metals, sodium is one of the three elemental metals that are lighter than water – the other two being lithium and potassium, its fellow members in the alkali metal group..
Also, pure sodium if left to itself could be harmless. But just for a brief period. Let it react with oxygen and water vapour in the air and it could explode. Which is why it needs to be stored in kerosene or oil. And, while coming in contact with pure sodium could cause corrosive burns and ingesting it would be toxic, sodium is an essential element for human and animal life.
Understandably, many consider sodium to be a fascinatingly paradoxical element.
Sodium is the sixth most abundantly existing element on Earth and the most abundant alkali metal. But, being highly reactive, it is not usually found in nature in its pure elemental form.
In general, most people might have never seen sodium metal, but all of us come across its numerous compounds almost every day. That’s because, besides forming common salt, something every human being is familiar with, sodium easily reacts with other elements too to form some of the most commonplace substances used in daily life. For instance, it is present in baking soda (NaHCO3), baking powder, washing soda (Na2CO3), borax (Na2B4O7 •10H2O), soaps and detergents, glass, and medicines as well.
Some compounds of sodium have been known and used by people for centuries. Sodium chloride or salt, the most common compound of sodium, has been used to preserve and flavour food since millennia. It was once a much valued and important trade commodity and at various times in history in different cultures it was even used in place of currency. Not surprisingly, the English word ‘salary’ has been derived from the word ‘salt’.
Ancient civilisations were also familiar with soda or sodium carbonate. While it is widely used today for softening water, ancient Egyptians used it in the manufacture of glass as far back as 1370 BC, and also for preserving mummies. What they used was not pure soda, but a substance they called ‘natron’ that was mainly made up of soda and was mined from Natron Valley. Much later, the Romans gave the mineral the Latin name ‘natrium’.
Historically, people also used soda as a cleaning product in their homes, for cleaning their bodies (mixing it with oil and using it as an early form of soap), and also as a cure for headaches. Interestingly, the Medieval Latin name for headache remedy—’sodanum’ – was derived from the Arabic word for headaches – ’suda’.
For a long time, early chemists had been discussing and trying to study the composition of salt and soda. Then, in 1807, the celebrated British chemist Sir Humphry Davy, who had been experimenting with molten salts, finally found the answer. On passing an electric current through caustic potash (potassium hydroxide), he discovered potassium – the first metal to be isolated through electrolysis. Shortly afterwards, he electrolysed very dry, molten caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and isolated globules of yet another new metal – sodium.
Davy observed that the substance he had isolated “appeared to have the lustre of silver”, was “exceedingly malleable”, and “much softer than any of the common metallic substances” known till then. He also noted it decomposed water, releasing hydrogen.
Sir Humphry Davy initially considered calling the new metallic element ‘sodagen’, and entered this name in his laboratory notebook, but later decided he preferred the name ‘sodium’. He had probably derived both names from the Arabic ‘suda’, the Medieval Roman ‘sodanum’, and the English word for sodium carbonate ‘soda’.
However, for the new element, Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius preferred the name ‘natrium’– this being the Latin name for sodium carbonate – and was the first to use the chemical symbol ‘Na’ for sodium in his early periodic table.
Of all the alkali metals, sodium is the most commercially important. It was first commercially produced by thermal reduction of sodium carbonate with carbon. Today, sodium is generally mass produced by electrolysing the completely dry, fused sodium chloride. China, the US, and India are the top three countries producing sodium.
Sodium compounds are used on a large scale in the glass, soap, textile, paper, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries, but there is a comparatively lesser demand for sodium metal. Since sodium burns with an intense yellow flame, it is used in fireworks for producing a bright yellow colour, and in sodium vapor lamps as well. Metallic sodium is used for manufacturing other sodium compounds like sodium peroxide, sodium cyanide, sodamide, and sodium hydride, and also for improving the structure of certain alloys and purifying molten metals.
Like its alloy, NaK, liquid sodium too is an important heat transfer agent, easily conducting and dissipating excess heat. Some nuclear reactors therefore use sodium as a coolant. Metallic sodium is also used as a catalyst in the manufacture of artificial rubber.
Sodium is an essential nutritional element for humans and animals. The food we eat provides us with all the sodium we need. It is estimated that the average person consumes about 10 grams of salt a day, though our daily intake needs to be just about 3 grams.
Sodium performs many important functions in the human body. It helps in the proper transmission of nerve signals to and from cells. These signals in turn control the way muscles move. An excess or lack of sodium can therefore cause abnormal nerve and muscle behaviour.
Sodium is also important for regulating the water levels in tissues and blood, thus maintaining the right fluid balance in our body cells. Low sodium levels lead to heat cramping, as can be seen when athletes’ muscles seem to get cramped after exertion. Heat cramping results from the loss of sodium ions from the body through sweat.
On the other hand, too much sodium can damage our kidneys and adversely affect the body’s ability to digest fats. However, the most serious problem high sodium levels could cause is hypertension or high blood pressure, something that puts people at risk for serious health problems such as a stroke and heart ailments.
Human activities produce an alarming 10 gigatons of carbon dioxide each year. With CO2 emissions being considered a major cause of global warming, scientists are focusing on preventing the release of huge quantities of this greenhouse gas and are actively researching newer ways for capturing carbon from fossil fuel power plant emissions even before they get into the atmosphere.
Recent research in this area involves the use of sodium carbonate that has long been known to be an excellent carbon absorber. Currently used methods, though successful, are harmful to the environment. For example, in many power plants, caustic fluids like amines are sprayed on huge steel-mesh scrubbing towers for absorbing CO2 from the plants’ gas effluent. These amines pollute the environment and also corrode the steel meshes. This led researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in America, and their colleagues from the University of Illinois and Harvard University to pick an environmentally benign chemical like sodium carbonate as a carbon capture medium.
Together, they developed microcapsules that were filled with a sodium carbonate solution and had a highly permeable polymer shell for allowing carbon dioxide to pass freely through them. Encapsulation greatly increases the surface area for CO2 absorption from plant emissions, making it around 100 times more than the area available when a normal steel-mesh tower is sprayed with amine solution. Once the capsules absorb their maximum capacity of carbon dioxide, they can be heated so that pure CO2 can be released and stored separately, while the capsules themselves can then be reused.
The researchers have tested the use of the sodium carbonate microcapsules on a small scale, and it could take a while before they can be used industrially. But, if this new approach works, it could mark a remarkable advance in the fight against global warming using a low-profile and inexpensive compound of sodium.
1. Royal Society of Chemistry: Periodic Table – Sodium – http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/11/sodium
2. Anne Marie Helmenstine: Get 10 facts about the element sodium – Thought Co, January 13, 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/sodium-element-facts-606471
3. World of Molecules: The element sodium – https://www.worldofmolecules.com/elements/sodium.htm
4. Chemistry Explained: Sodium – http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Sodium.html
5. Chemicool Periodic Table: Sodium – Chemicool.com, 18 Oct. 2012, https://www.chemicool.com/elements/sodium.html
6. Stephanie Pappas: Facts about sodium – LiveScience.com, 19 February, 2015, https://www.livescience.com/28820-sodium.html
7. Margit S. Müller: A pinch of sodium – Nature Chemistry, volume 3, page 974 (2011), https://www.nature.com/articles/nchem.1205
8. David Read: Sodium – ChemistryWorld.com, 27 August, 2008, https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/sodium/ 3005954.article
9. Roger Aines: How baking soda can fight climate change – World Economic Forum, 25 February, 2015, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/02/how-baking-soda-can-fight-climate-change/
In 1917, when the pioneering American biochemist James Batcheller Sumner commenced his quest to isolate an enzyme, he had to grapple with a busy teaching schedule and yet make time for research. To make things even more difficult, he didn’t have much financial or technical support. And what was even more remarkable about Sumner’s research project was that he was attempting a feat that more experienced and well-known biochemists had failed to achieve till then.
At that time, the word ‘enzyme’ was barely fifty years old, and while scientists were familiar with enzyme-catalysed fermentations, the nature of the enzyme ferments still remained a mystery. In fact, it was believed that enzymes belonged to an as yet unknown category of chemical compounds and that it could be impossible to actually crystallise them.
When Sumner finally succeeded in his quest in 1926, he was still just an assistant professor at America’s Cornell University. By successfully isolating and crystallising urease – the enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia – he proved the experts of his time wrong. Not just that, he went on to show that most enzymes were in fact proteins.
In 1946, Sumner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for proving that enzymes can be crystallised. During his Nobel lecture, by way of explaining what had made him take up something that was considered unachievable for his research program, he said, “I desired to accomplish something of real importance. In other words, I decided to take ‘a long shot’. A number of persons advised me that my attempt to isolate an enzyme was foolish, but this advice made me feel all the more certain that, if successful, the quest would be worthwhile.”
James Batcheller Sumner was born at Canton, Massachusetts, on 19 November, 1887 into a prosperous family of cotton textile manufacturers. While in school, the only subjects he didn’t find boring were physics and chemistry. As a teenager, he was especially interested in fire-arms and often went hunting with his friends. One afternoon, while hunting grouse at the age of seventeen, his companion accidentally shot him in the left arm. Consequently, his arm had to be amputated close to the elbow.
Unfortunately, Sumner had been left-handed. After the accident, he courageously began to learn to do things with his right hand. Undeterred by the loss of his arm, he took part in athletic sports and also continued hunting, revealing how spunky and persevering he was even at that young age. Later, as a one-armed researcher, he trained himself to handle all kinds of laboratory equipment from small test tubes to bigger items with one hand. He excelled in tennis, skiing, and skating and even went on to win the Cornell Faculty Tennis Club prize. While in Stockholm to receive his Nobel prize, he had an opportunity to meet King Gustav. When the king asked him how he managed to handle both ball and racket while serving in a game of tennis, he readily gave him a demonstration.
Sumner obtained his bachelor’s degree in chemistry in 1910 from Harvard College. After a brief stint at his uncle’s cotton knitting factory and a year of teaching chemistry at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, he returned to Harvard to pursue his Ph.D., studying biochemistry with Professor Otto Folin. When Folin interviewed Sumner, he had advised him to take up law instead, because “a one-armed man could never make it in chemistry”. But, true to character, Sumner took this remark as a challenge and persisted with working on his thesis with Folin. Finally, he earned his doctorate in 1914 for his thesis on “The Formation of Urea in the Animal Body”, and Folin’s admiration as well.
In the summer of 1914, he accepted an offer as Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at the Cornell Medical School, at Ithaca, N.Y.
In 1917, Sumner began his research on enzymes at Cornell, choosing to work with jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) that seemed to be extraordinarily rich in urease. He thought isolating the enzyme in the pure form from this bean would not be difficult. Ultimately, it took him nine years to succeed in this task.
Sumner’s early attempts met with failure. But, neither the disappointment of failure nor discouragement from his colleagues, who thought he was attempting the impossible, could stop him from continuing with his work. He was confident he was on the right track. In 1921, on being granted an American-Belgian fellowship, he decided to go to Brussels to work with Jean Effront who had authored a number of books on enzymes. But, with the Belgian biochemist considering the very idea of isolating urease as absurd, Sumner had to give up on his plans of working with him. He resumed his work in Ithaca with even more determination, and finally succeeded in 1926. Referring to that exciting moment in his life, Sumner wrote in an autobiographical note, “I went to the telephone and told my wife that I had crystallized the first enzyme.”
However, most biochemists refused to take note of his achievement. Many disbelieved his claim of having isolated and crystallised urease. Sumner provided ample experimental evidence to show that the globulin he had isolated from jack bean meal was identical with the enzyme urease and that the enzyme was a protein. But the research papers he published were either rejected or ignored by enzyme experts, with many insisting that the protein he had crystallised was the carrier for the enzyme and not the pure enzyme.
Sumner’s strongest critics included the leading enzyme chemist of the time, Richard Willstätter, and his students in Germany who, even after several years of intensive research had failed to isolate a pure enzyme and therefore concluded that pure enzymes couldn’t be proteins. But scepticism from the European biochemists only strengthened Sumner’s resolve to defend his findings. He responded to their negative reactions by publishing ten more papers and offering additional data over the next five years. By 1936, he had twenty published research papers on urease to his name.
Luckily for Sumner, notwithstanding the opposition from prominent biochemists, his research work was appreciated at Cornell and resulted in him being offered a full professorship at the University in 1929.
In 1930, once again it was proved that Willstätter was wrong and Sumner was right when John H. Northrop of the Rockefeller Institute also showed that enzymes were proteins and reported the crystallisation of pepsin and other enzymes. In 1937, Sumner succeeded in isolating and crystallising a second enzyme, catalase, present in blood. That same year, more recognition of his work came by way of a Guggenheim Fellowship being awarded to him, following which he spent five months in Sweden working with the famed Professor Theodor Svedberg. Soon afterwards, he was given the Scheele Award in Stockholm.
By now it was acknowledged that Sumner had developed a general crystallisation method for enzymes. But the crowning acknowledgement was being picked as one of the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 “for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized”. The other co-winners of the Chemistry Nobel Prize that year were Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley, who won it “for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form”.
In 1948, Sumner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (USA). In 1949, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Sumner spent his entire career at Cornell in Ithaca, and went on to become a pioneer in biochemistry there. In 1947, one year after he got the Nobel Prize, he was appointed as the director of the enzyme chemistry laboratory at the University’s College of Agriculture.
Soon after his retirement from Cornell in July 1955, Sumner was planning to travel to Brazil for organising a research program on enzymes at the University of Minas Gerais, when he suddenly took ill. He was diagnosed with cancer and died just a month later on 12 August, 1955 at a hospital in Buffalo, NY.
James Sumner’s pathbreaking work paved the way for further research on the chemical structure of pure enzymes and resulted in the study of enzymes playing a key role in research in modern biochemistry.
1. Nobelprize.org: James B. Sumner – Biographical – Nobel Media AB 2019, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1946/sumner/biographical/
2. James B. Sumner: The chemical nature of enzymes – Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1946, https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/sumner-lecture.pdf
3. Soylent Communications: James B. Sumner – http://www.nndb.com/people/476/000100176/
4. Leonard A. Maynard: James Batcheller Sumner – National Academy of Sciences, 1958, http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/sumner-james.pdf
5. Robert D. Simoni, Robert L. Hill, Martha Vaughan: Urease, the First Crystalline Enzyme and the Proof That Enzymes Are Proteins: the Work of James B. Sumner – J. Biol. Chem. 69, 435–441, J. Biol. Chem. 98, 543–552
6. The FamousPeople.com: James B. Sumner Biography – https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/james-b-sumner-7281.php
7. James K. Laylin: 1946 Nobel Laureate James Sumner 1887-1955 – Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992.
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